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Beaches, along with the accompanying dunes and shoreface environments were established after stabilization of sea level less than 7,000 years ago. The coastal dunes behind beaches and the shoreface regime seaward of the beach are tied together as a beach system with each of these features having unique differences. However, the exchange of sand between [...]

Bottomland hardwood forests are river swamps. They are found along rivers and streams of the southeast and south central United States, generally in broad floodplains. These ecosystems are commonly found wherever streams or rivers at least occasionally cause flooding beyond their channel confines. They are deciduous forested wetlands, made up of different species of Gum [...]

Early successional habitat is habitat with vigorously growing grasses, forbs, shrubs and trees, which provide excellent food and cover for wildlife but need disturbance to be maintained. Examples of early successional habitats include weedy areas, grasslands, old fields or pastures, shrub thickets (e.g. dogwood or alder), and young forest. If these habitats are not mowed, [...]

Freshwater wetlands are unified primarily by the fact that they are all nontidal freshwater systems dominated by grasses, sedges, and other freshwater plants. However, they differ in their geologic origins and their driving hydrologic forces, and they vary in size from small pothole marshes less than a hectare in size to the immense saw grass [...]

The term “forested swamp” usually refers to a wetlands system dominated by trees or other woody vegetation. A wide variety of such systems are found throughout the world. In temperate regions forested swamps can be dominated by trees that tolerate permanent to semipermanent flooding such as the bald cypress or swamp tupelo in the southern [...]

Grasslands are areas that are dominated by grasses and other herbaceous vegetation. Trees and large shrubs are largely absent. Seasonal drought, occasional fires and grazing by large mammals all prevent woody shrubs and trees from becoming established. A few trees such as cottonwoods, oaks and willows grow in river valleys, and a few hundred species [...]

Mangroves are an assemblage of tropical trees and shrubs that inhabit the coastal intertidal zone. A mangrove community is composed of plant species whose special adaptations allow them to survive the variable flooding and salinity stress conditions imposed by the coastal environment. Birds that live here: Reddish Egret, Mangrove Cuckoo, Black-whiskered Vireo, Yellow Warbler, Florida [...]

Mudflats and sand flats are important feeding grounds for wading birds such as sandpipers, oystercatchers, and plovers. In temperate climates such birds may remain year-round, but many hundreds of thousands of birds make seasonal migrations between high-latitude summer habitats and low-latitude wintering grounds. Large flocks rely on intertidal flats for feeding along the way. For [...]

Northern/boreal forest of the ACJV region is composed primarily of cone-bearing, needle-leaved, or scale-leaved evergreen trees, found in the northern portions of Maine, Vermont, and New Hampshire. The boreal forest is characterized predominantly by a limited number of conifer species—i.e., pine, spruce, larch, fir and to a lesser degree by some deciduous genera such as [...]